Desde finales de los 80 y principios de los 90, el constructivismo se ha convertido en una de las principales escuelas de pensamiento dentro de las relaciones internacionales. In the classic international relations example of the stag hunt, where hunters are all going after the stag, realists argue there is little incentive for these different actors to work together to cooperate, and that each should look out for herself/himself and go after smaller game that will satisfy their survival, even at the expense of other or a larger benefit through cooperation. Liberalists/pluralists, on the other hand, view cooperation through international organizations as possible under an anarchical system; these institutions can help bring about positive gains for state and non-state actors; they are not constrained by the “negatives” of an anarchical international system. Liberalists/pluralists, on the other hand, view cooperation through international organizations as possible under an anarchical system; these institutions can help bring about positive gains for state and non-state actors; they are not constrained by the “negatives” of an anarchical international system. International Organization, Vol. Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics. En la economía política internacional , la aplicación del constructivismo ha sido menos frecuente. Un ejemplo temprano de tal síntesis fue el análisis de Jennifer Sterling-Folker de la política monetaria internacional de Estados Unidos siguiendo el sistema de Bretton Woods . As Alexander Wendt (1992) explains, “[s]tates act differently towards enemies than they do toward friends because enemies are threatening and friends are not” (397). 54, No. And any institutions or conditions in the international system are only due to how we have conceived them. En otras palabras, los significados de ideas, objetos y actores vienen dados por la interacción social . En las relaciones internacionales, el constructivismo es la afirmación de que aspectos importantes de las relaciones internacionales se construyen histórica y socialmente, más que las consecuencias inevitables de la naturaleza humana u otras características esenciales de la política mundial. Thus, constructivists look at how these norms develop, who presses these norms, and who sets up different norms from the ones currently set (Adler, 1998: 338). Los académicos han empleado ANT para romper los binarios políticos mundiales tradicionales (civilizado / bárbaro, democrático / autocrático, etc. Whilst judgements on the value and validity of constructivism differ widely, it seems all but impossible not to have an opinion. Al centrarse en cómo se utilizan el lenguaje y la retórica para construir la realidad social del sistema internacional, los constructivistas a menudo se consideran más optimistas sobre el progreso en las relaciones internacionales que las versiones del realismo leales a una ontología puramente materialista, pero un número creciente de constructivistas cuestionan la carácter "liberal" del pensamiento constructivista y expresan una mayor simpatía por el pesimismo realista sobre la posibilidad de emancipación de la política de poder. The reason: one cannot trust the actions and motivations of other actors, and thus, in this “self-help” system with no overarching power, one must do what is best in order to survive. Las identidades son necesarias para asegurar al menos un nivel mínimo de predecibilidad y orden, como afirma Hopf en sus estudios. Al igual que la naturaleza del sistema internacional, los constructivistas consideran que esas identidades e intereses no se basan objetivamente en fuerzas materiales (como los dictados de la naturaleza humana que sustenta el realismo clásico ), sino que son el resultado de ideas y la construcción social de tales ideas. Constructivism, Chapter 8, pages 188-212, in Theories of International Relations, Third Edition. There is no “logic” of anarchy apart from the practices that create and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another; structure has no existence or causal powers apart from process.” Self-help and power politics are institutions, not essential features of anarchy (394). 2, pages 887-917. As Wendt (1992) explains,  there is no reason for two people first meeting one another to have a pessimistic relationship, if the interactions doesn’t lead in that direction. El constructivismo, particularmente en el trabajo formativo de Wendt, desafía esta suposición al mostrar que los poderes causales atribuidos a la "estructura" por los neorrealistas de hecho no son "dados", sino que descansan en la forma en que la estructura es construida por la práctica social. 4, pages 855-885. Thus, to constructivists, the anarchical system is whatever the actors want it to be. See here for the privacy policy http://internationalrelations.org/privacy-policy/. Celebrated by some and dismissed or even regarded as dangerous by others, constructivism has acquired considerable significance in International Relations. One of the key points of departure stems from how these different theorists view anarchy. realists view anarchy as a condition that leads to state competition for resources, security, and power. La noción de que las relaciones internacionales no solo se ven afectadas por la política de poder, sino también por las ideas, es compartida por escritores que se describen a sí mismos como teóricos constructivistas. However, scholars of these theories disagree on state behavior in this anarchical system. Si, en cambio, los estados mantienen concepciones alternativas de seguridad, ya sea "cooperativa", donde los estados pueden maximizar su seguridad sin afectar negativamente la seguridad de otro, o "colectiva" donde los estados identifican la seguridad de otros estados como valiosa para ellos mismos, la anarquía lo hará. This notion of norms is one that has occupies international relations for quite some time (Finnemore & Sikkink, 1998). Adler, E. (1998). As constructivists in international relations explain, states often act differently based on the identity, interests, culture, and relationship that the states may have with one another. Palgrave. What Makes the World Hang Together? Constructivists also focus on the idea of anarchy, but they depart from prior positions on the anarchical system. Doing so, constructivists offer alternative explanations and insights for events occurring in the social world. Thus, for constructivists, it is not that a system cannot be interpreted as “self-help” and pessimistic, or “cooperative” and positive (Adler, 1998), but rather, that whatever the system is, it is because of interactions and interpretations of events in a way that leads to viewing the world in that said way. shifting of the Soviet Union’s policy from one of security concerns to working with other states towards this “new” norm is explained by constructivism. Este es un tema polémico dentro de los segmentos de la comunidad de relaciones internacionales , ya que algunos constructivistas desafían a Wendt sobre algunos de estos supuestos (ver, por ejemplo, intercambios en Review of International Studies , vol. 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